GH-49988: [CI][Packaging] Enable reproducible builds on host for APT based Linux packages

[raulcd]

Rationale for this change

Reproducible builds are a requirement to be able to add automated signing. We would like to be able to do automated signing for our Linux packages too as discussed here:
#47058 (comment)

What changes are included in this PR?

Some minor changes to our build to fix some Reproducible tests errors found. The main addition is adding a new step to our Linux Packaging GitHub actions workflow to run reprotest on the rake tasks to build the packages and compare the artifacts built.

Are these changes tested?

Yes on CI as part of the APT Packaging Linux jobs.

Are there any user-facing changes?

• GitHub Issue: [Release][Packaging] Add Reproducible build for Debian Packages #49988

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #47798 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

@kou I was able to spend some more time here and with the help of Claude I was able to get successful Debian reproducible builds. The current CI failures are just timeouts, I should increase the timeout on this branch.

I've also spent some more days to try and get RPM's also reproducible but I haven't been able to achieve it so far.
Do you think it would be interesting to split it in two issues so we push Debian reproducible builds to be merged and try to achieve reproducible builds for RPM's in a future PR or would you prefer for me to push to this branch what I've attempted for RPM and we don't merge until we achieve reproducible builds for all Linux Packages?

[kou]

Great! Let's work on RPM's reproducible builds as a separated work!

[kou]

I want to keep using random build directory path because it's one of important reproducible build checks. We can work on this as a follow-up task. I'll take a look at Meson.

[raulcd]

I've created a new issue to track this and have added a TODO comment on the code pointing to the new issue:

• [Release][Packaging] Use random build directory path for Debian Packages instead of fixed one #49987

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #49988 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

I've ended up creating two sub-issues one for Debian based and one for RPM based that can be seen in the parent and have updated this PR to point to the Debian based.